https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Index en-au 5 https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:37439 Wed 22 Mar 2023 10:17:45 AEDT ]]> https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:37131 Wed 19 Aug 2020 13:34:43 AEST ]]> https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:37280 4) to organic oxygenates utilizing heterogeneous and homogeneous processes conducted in the gaseous or liquid phase is reviewed. The most active catalytic systems are examined in terms of rates, longevity, and reaction mechanisms. Despite significant effort, the successful heterogeneous mimicking of selective CH₄ oxidation performed in an enzymatic system (methane monooxygenase) is still elusive. Under mild reaction conditions, the reaction is too slow, and under harsh conditions, total oxidation prevails. Thus, of particular interest herein is the assessment of oxidation at intermediate temperatures to 1) reduce total oxidation and 2) obtain sufficient concentration of activated oxygen and CH₄ species. Important operational parameters such as reaction conditions, catalyst preparation methods, and cofeeding of chemicals, which significantly affect the yield of desired products, are discussed. One particular system that is successful is the catalytic conversion of CH₄ to methanol under mild conditions using nitrous oxide (N₂O) with Fe-based catalysts or oxygen (O₂) with Cu-based catalysts. Special attention is paid to the controversy related to the identification of active sites, where the oxygen species suitable for CH₄ oxidation are purportedly formed.]]> Wed 16 Sep 2020 18:36:19 AEST ]]> https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:47664 2.]]> Tue 24 Jan 2023 15:40:55 AEDT ]]> https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:31342 Sat 24 Mar 2018 08:44:37 AEDT ]]> https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:21245 Sat 24 Mar 2018 07:53:02 AEDT ]]> https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:30699 2 partial pressure (0.05 to 0.1 %), pertinent to a novel greenhouse calcium looping process. The kinetic parameters were obtained and compared with those reported in the literature. Various gas–solid reaction mechanisms were considered to determine the best reaction mechanism for the carbonation reaction. The diffusion function, or G(x)=x², had the best least-squares linear fit, which resulted in a first-order reaction for the carbonation reaction in the greenhouse calcium looping process. Moreover, the activation energy and pre-exponential factor of the carbonation reaction were established to be 19.7 kJ mol⁻¹ and 295.8 min⁻¹ kPa⁻¹, respectively. The derived kinetic parameters were used in Aspen Plus to optimize the carbonator reactor size. The required size of the reactor decreased with increasing operating temperature of the reactor. Exergy analysis revealed that the overall exergetic efficiency of greenhouse calcium looping could be more than 80 %.]]> Sat 24 Mar 2018 07:35:09 AEDT ]]> https://nova.newcastle.edu.au/vital/access/ /manager/Repository/uon:28254 −2. The aluminum penetration into the P3HT:PCBM film was found to be consistent with the depth of this oxide layer, suggesting that aluminum penetration into the organic film is not the primary reason for performance limitations in sputtered devices. Introduction of thermally evaporated aluminum buffer layers prior to deposition of sputtered aluminum cathodes demonstrated that the performance of devices after annealing matched those of reference devices prepared with no sputtering for a buffer layer thickness of only 20 nm. Further analysis of the device J--V curves revealed an S-shaped kink prior to annealing, indicating that the major reason for the poor performance in sputtered devices was the introduction of a charge extraction barrier at the cathode, which was subsequently removed upon annealing. Rigorous removal of oxygen from the sputtering chamber prior to aluminum deposition onto the P3HT:PCBM active layer was subsequently observed to produce a device with an efficiency close to that of the thermally evaporated reference device without the requirement for evaporated buffer layers. The results presented here highlight a pathway towards an alternative R2R cathode fabrication technique that allows the highly efficient aluminum cathodes employed in small-scale devices to be transferred onto large-scale, flexible, and low-cost R2R printed organic electronic devices.]]> Sat 24 Mar 2018 07:28:36 AEDT ]]>